Modulus

Modulus is a zero-knowledge layer 2 on Ethereum that backs off-chain computation with validity proofs while keeping compatibility with Ethereum virtual machine opcodes. It makes privacy a protocol-level option: transactions are public by default but users can hide amounts and counterparties, and the block explorer supports hiding on request, whereas most zero-knowledge layer 2s need application-level work for that and plain transfers cannot use it.

Early versions forked the Polygon zkEVM architecture, compressing state transitions with proofs for fast finality. More recently it moved to first-order logic arithmetisation, mapping logical statements straight to polynomial constraints and skipping circuit compilation to cut proving cost, with the team citing a 10 to 100 times reduction and one to three second finality. CULT DAO provides governance and development support, and the testnet ships an explorer, bridge and faucet to validate proof generation and cross-chain verification, while a coordination layer explores exporting proving to other chains so protocols can add zero-knowledge verification without migrating.